Animated scheme of a four stroke internal combustion engine, Otto principle: jeudi 31 octobre 2013
VVT solenoid engine operation-7
Variable valve timing (VVT) solenoid
One {Acronym.VVT} solenoid is installed for the intake camshaft and one for the exhaust camshaft.
The {Acronym.VVT} solenoids are used to regulate the camshaft adjustment units, which in turn adjust the valve timings in the early or late directions. In this way the engine performance is increased and internal exhaust gas recirculation is realized. The {Acronym.VVT} solenoids for the intake and exhaust camshafts differ only in terms of the position of the fastening point by which they are fixed to the camshaft adjustment bridge.
Via the {Acronym.VVT} solenoid, under the prevailing EOP, a defined quantity of engine oil is allowed into and out of the camshaft adjustment units. In this way the valve timings are adjusted according to the operating condition of the engine.
The {Acronym.VVT} solenoids are actuated via a PWM signal by the PCM.
A----Bore hole for connection to chamber A
B----Bore hole for connection to chamber B
1----Solenoid coil
2----Valve stem
3----Engine oil pressure supply bore and ring groove for camshaft
adjustment unit chamber B
4----Oil return ring groove
5----Engine oil pressure supply bore and ring groove for camshaft
adjustment unit chamber A
7----Spring
8----Engine oil return bore
If a fault is detected on the {Acronym.VVT} solenoids, they are no longer actuated.
To avoid a malfunction of the {Acronym.VVT} units at excessively low ambient or engine-oil temperatures, they are activated by the PCM with a time delay via the {Acronym.VVT} solenoids. The PCM obtains the information needed for this purpose from the ECT sensor and the IAT sensor.
jeudi 24 octobre 2013
Parking Brake and Actuation - Parking Brake
Diagnosis and Testing
Inspection and Verification
Visual Inspection Chart
Symptom Chart
Pinpoint Tests
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mercredi 23 octobre 2013
Smart Regenerative Charging
Description and Operation
Smart Regenerative Charging
Smart Regenerative Charging is an intelligent charge control system that calculates and regulates the set generator voltage.
The basic idea of the system is to increase the generator charge voltage when the vehicle is decelerating and reduce it when it is accelerating.
This means that during the acceleration phase, there is no additional energy demand as a result of having a high generator load; however generator load is increased when the vehicle is decelerating.
This strategy enables further fuel savings to be achieved.
Battery Monitoring Sensor
The Battery Monitoring Sensor continuously monitors the condition of the battery.
The sensor is equipped to vehicles which have Smart Regenerative Charging or Start-Stop. These systems require knowledge of the battery state of charge. The Battery Monitoring Sensor is the sensor used to provide this information.
Battery Monitoring Sensor connection
The Battery Monitoring Sensor is clamped directly to the negative terminal of the battery and grounds to the vehicle at the chassis ground connection point by means of a thick (25 to 35mm2) cable and eyelet. External customer loads must only be connected to the vehicle at the customer battery connection point. If the external customer load is connected at the negative battery post, the Battery Monitoring Sensor accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
It is recommended that the Battery Monitoring Sensor pole clamp is not removed unless a battery replacement is required. Should the battery need to be isolated, this should be done by disconnecting the ground eyelet at the chassis ground.
Battery Monitoring Sensor reset
The Battery Monitoring Sensor also estimates losses in the battery capacity over time. The Battery Monitoring Sensor should be reset to factory default settings, when the battery is replaced.
It is urgently recommended that the replacement battery has the exact same specification as the original battery. If it does not, the accuracy of the Battery Monitoring Sensor outputs will be compromised.
The Battery Monitoring Sensor reset is part of the battery replacement procedure in IDS (Integrated Diagnostic System).
|
lundi 21 octobre 2013
Rain sensor
Rain sensor
The automatic windshield wipers must be switched off before the vehicle is driven into a car wash.
If the windshield is iced up, the wipers may only be activated by the rain sensor after the windshield has been completely defrosted.
The rain sensor is an optical measuring instrument. Contamination such as oil, grease, dust or faulty wiper blades will prevent the system from working properly. Before switching on the automatic windshield wipers, the windshield must be clean in the area of the rain sensor.
The rain sensor is built into a housing which is mounted behind the rear view mirror on the windshield.
The rain sensor (1) consists of an opto-electronic measuring and evaluation circuit. The sensor can calculate the amount of precipitation falling on the windshield and request that the windshield wipers are switched on.
On the basis of the information provided by the rain sensor, the windshield wipers are then set to the required wipe speed by the generic electronic module (GEM).
Mode of operation of the rain sensor
Item
Part Number
Description
1
-
Raindrop
2
-
LED
3
-
Lens
4
-
Photodiode
- an LED
- a photodiode
- a lens
The rain sensor consists of three optical components:
The photodiode emits an infrared light beam of known intensity; the emitted light exits through the lens and is reflected by the windshield.
The reflected light beam enters back through the lens and then reaches the photodiode. The corresponding value taken without moisture on the windshield is used as the reference value for the automatic calibration process.
Subsequent deviations from this value cause the windshield wipers to be switched on.
If rain lands on the windshield then the light reflected by the windshield has a lower intensity. This loss of intensity is registered by the photodiode and, proportionally to the loss of intensity, the module switches on the windshield wipers with the required wipe speed (in intermittent or continuous mode).
When the automatic wipe function is switched on (wiper lever to intermittent position) the wipers are only activated automatically if the rain sensor registers water on the windshield.
It is not necessary to calibrate the rain sensor, as this has already been done at the factory.
- Adjusting ring position - wide symbol: High sensitivity-The wipers wipe even if only a small amount of water has been measured on the windshield.
- Adjusting ring position - narrow symbol: Low sensitivity-The wipers only wipe if a large amount of water has been measured on the windshield.
The sensitivity of the rain sensor can be changed by adjusting the control resistor for the intermittent mode of the windshield wipers.
Rear window wash/wipe system
The rear window wash/wipe system will only operate if the ignition switch is in the position "II".
If the windshield wiper switch is in the "Off", "Intermittent mode" or "Automatic wipe" (no wiping or low speed) position, then the wipe interval of the rear window wiper is 10 seconds.
If, on a vehicle equipped with a rain sensor, the windshield wiper switch is set to intermittent mode, speed 1 or speed 2 and rain is detected on the windshield then the rear wiper will come on in intermittent mode with a delay of 10 seconds between wipes.
If the switch for the rear window washer is pressed, then washer fluid is sprayed onto the rear window, and the wiper operates continuously at low speed. When the switch is released the rear window wiper performs another 2-3 wipes.
If reverse gear is engaged and the windshield wiper switch is in the normal, high speed or automatic windshield wiper (wiping at high speed) position, the rear window wiper will operate continuously until the gearshift lever is moved back to the neutral position.
If reverse gear is engaged and a single wipe of the windshield wiper is performed via the one-touch function then the rear wiper also performs a single wipe.
Headlamp washer system
The headlamp washer system will start to operate when the windshield washer function is activated if, at the same time, the light switch is set to "dipped beam" or the headlamps have been switched on by the "automatic headlamps" function. Electrical control is performed by the headlamp washer system relay which itself is controlled by the generic electronic module (GEM).
In order to prevent excessive water consumption, the headlamp washer system is only activated every fourth time the windshield wash/wipe switch is operated, provided the time elapsed since the first operation of the headlamp washer system does not exceed 10 minutes. If the windshield wash/wipe switch is activated again after 10 minutes the headlamp washer system is activated and the time encoder is restarted.
If the wash water level warning lamp on the instrument cluster comes on because the wash water level in the washer reservoir is too low then the headlamp washer pump is no longer activated until the washer reservoir is topped up.
central door locking
Locking/unlocking – central locking
The central locking system locks all doors and the liftgate, so that none of these can be opened from the outside of the vehicle.
On vehicles with door modules in the front and rear doors, all door lock motors and door lock switches are controlled via the door locking modules. The signals from the door contact switches are forwarded directly to the GEM.
On vehicles without rear door modules the door lock motors are also directly actuated by the GEM.
Vehicles without rear door modules only have manually operated windows in the rear.
Vehicles with 4 door modules can be identified by the two-stage window regulator switches in the front and rear.
- A key is inserted into one of the door locks and turned to the "locking" position.
- The locking button on the remote control is pressed once.
- The inside door handle is pressed (if equipped).
The central locking is actuated if one of the following conditions is satisfied:
If one of the doors is not properly closed when the central locking function is performed then all doors are locked and unlocked again. This procedure is signaled acoustically.
The turn signal lamps flash twice when the vehicle has been successfully centrally locked.
Locking/unlocking – double locking
The double locking system locks all doors so that they cannot be opened from outside the vehicle. In addition to the central locking function, the double locking system also disconnects the door opening levers from the locking mechanism. This means that the doors can no longer be opened from inside the vehicle.
The double locking mechanism only works when the ignition key is not in the ignition lock.
- A key is inserted into a door lock and turned to the "locking" position twice within 3 seconds.
- The locking button on the remote control is pressed twice within the space of 3 seconds (if the vehicle is configured for activation of the double locking upon a double press of the locking button on the remote control).
The double locking is activated if one of the following conditions is satisfied:
If the ignition key has been turned to position "I" then the vehicle is centrally locked but not double-locked.
If on a double-locked vehicle the corresponding ignition key is inserted into the ignition, the system switches over from double locking to central locking.
The turn signal lamps flash to confirm when the vehicle has been double locked.
The turn signal lamps do not flash when the vehicle is centrally locked.
Locking/unlocking – central unlocking
The central unlocking system unlocks all of the doors on the vehicle including the liftgate.
- The door lock is turned to the unlocking position.
- The release button on the radio remote control is pressed once (provided that the vehicle is not configured for unlocking via the driver's door lock).
- The release button on the radio remote control is pressed twice within 3 seconds (provided that the vehicle is not configured for unlocking via the driver's door lock).
- The door opening lever on a front door is pulled to the unlocking position on a centrally locked vehicle.
- The door opening lever on a vehicle equipped with a keyless vehicle module is pulled to the unlocking position; to do this, a transmitter which has been configured for the vehicle must be located within the reception range of the vehicle.
The central locking is actuated if one of the following conditions is satisfied:
If the vehicle has been configured for unlocking via the driver's door lock and the "unlocking" button on the remote control is only pressed once, then just the driver's door is unlocked.
If the "unlocking" button on the remote control is then pressed again within 3 seconds the remaining doors are unlocked via the central unlocking function.
If the vehicle was double locked beforehand, then the other doors are centrally locked, whereas the driver's door is unlocked.
Unlocking of the vehicle with the ignition switched off, is confirmed by one long flash of the turn signal lamps.
Locking/unlocking - automatic re-locking function
- The vehicle is unlocked via remote control.
- Neither a door nor the liftgate has been opened within 45 seconds.
- The ignition is not switched on.
The automatic re-locking function returns the locking system of the vehicle to its last status if it was centrally locked or double locked and the following conditions are satisfied:
Liftgate
- The liftgate unlocking button on the outside of the vehicle is pressed, provided the vehicle has been unlocked either via the driver's door lock or centrally.
- The liftgate unlocking button on the remote control is pressed once (provided the vehicle has been configured for liftgate unlocking after a single press of the button on the remote control).
- The liftgate unlocking button on the remote control is pressed twice within 3 seconds (if the vehicle has not been configured for liftgate unlocking after a single press of the button on the remote control).
The liftgate unlocking mechanism unlocks the liftgate if the ignition switch is either in position "0" or position "1" and one of the following conditions is met:
If the liftgate is unlocked via the remote control while the vehicle is locked then it is automatically locked again when the vehicle is re-locked.
Keyless vehicle system
A keyless vehicle module for locking and starting is available as an option. With this system, receivers on the two front door handles and at the rear of the vehicle check whether a valid "Passive Key" which has been programmed for the vehicle is present in the detection area in order to prepare the locking mechanism for opening of the doors.
Subsequently, sensors in the interior detect whether a valid "Passive Key" which has been programmed for the vehicle is present in the detection area in order to enable the ignition lock after operation of the clutch pedal (vehicles with a manual transmission) or brake pedal (vehicles with an automatic transmission).
The reception signals are transmitted to the keyless vehicle module, which then controls all further locking/unlocking functions.
Depending on how the system is programmed, operation of the driver's door handle will unlock either all of the doors or just the driver's door. If the vehicle is programmed for "single door unlocking" and other door handles are operated in addition to the driver's door handle then the vehicle is centrally unlocked.
After leaving the vehicle, it can be locked via sensors on the front door handles or on the liftgate handle (press once) or double locked (press twice). In this case, a request signal (lock/unlock) is transmitted by the keyless vehicle module to the GEM via the mid-speed CAN bus. The GEM then actuates the door modules via the mid-speed CAN bus, which unlock or lock the vehicle.
All door opening/closing functions can also be performed via the remote control buttons on the "passive key". In addition, there is an emergency key in the "Passive Key" which, together with an adapter, serves to open and start the vehicle in an emergency.
Passive Start
A keyless vehicle module for starting is available as an option. With this system, sensors in the interior detect whether a valid "Passive Key" which has been programmed for the vehicle is present in the detection area in order to enable the ignition lock after operation of the clutch pedal (vehicles with a manual transmission) or brake pedal (vehicles with an automatic transmission).
Once the ignition lock has been enabled, the vehicle can be started via the starter button in the dash panel console provided the transmission is in neutral and the clutch is fully depressed (vehicles with a manual transmission) or provided the transmission is set to "Park" and the brake pedal is fully depressed (vehicles with an automatic transmission).
The starter button is pressed again to switch the engine off, whereby the vehicle speed must be below the maximum limit of 7 km/h.
The engine can be stopped at any vehicle speed by pressing and holding the starter button or by pressing it repeatedly.
It is possible to restart the engine within 10 seconds of switching the engine off without repeat detection of a valid "Passive Key". The only requirement in this instance is that the correct pedal for the type of transmission is depressed.
If a valid "Passive Key" which has been programmed for the vehicle is in the detection area of the ignition lock and the starter button is pressed without the clutch pedal (vehicles with manual transmission) or brake pedal (vehicles with automatic transmission) being depressed, the ignition only is switched on but the engine cannot be started. Pressing the starter button again switches the ignition back off.
Smart Charge system
- Automatic deactivation of non-critical high power electrical consumers when the battery voltage is low in order to reduce the level of current drawn.
- Automatic activation of non-critical high power electrical consumers when the battery voltage is excessively high in order to protect components which are sensitive to increased voltages.
In addition to the familiar functions, the Smart Charge system also performs the following functions:
The battery charging current is optimized through continuous calculation of the battery temperature and monitoring of the alternator output voltage.
By receiving the forwarded alternator load signal, the PCM is given early warning whenever an electric consumer is switched on or off. This means that the PCM receives information about imminent changes in the torque drawn by the alternator. By evaluating this information the PCM can provide a higher level of idling stability.
The two remaining functions of the Smart Charge System are controlled by the GEM.
Electrical consumers are switched off due to low voltage when the GEM determines (on the basis of the message received from the PCM on the CAN bus via the instrument cluster) that the battery voltage has dropped below the threshold.
- Electric booster heater (vehicles with diesel engines)
- Heated exterior mirrors
- Heated rear window
- Heated windscreen
When the threshold for low battery voltage is reached the GEM automatically deactivates the following consumers - in this order and with a gap of 5 seconds between each:
If the battery voltage rises back above the lower threshold then the GEM re-enables all of the electrical consumers which were previously disabled. They then have switched off status and must be switched back on by the driver.
Electrical consumers are switched on due to excessively high voltage if the GEM determines that the battery voltage is above the threshold for overvoltage and the charge control lamp has been switched on.
- Heated rear window
- Heated exterior mirrors
- Electric booster heater (vehicles with diesel engines)
- Blower motor
When the threshold is reached the GEM automatically activates the following consumers - in this order and with a gap of 5 seconds between each:
If the battery voltage drops back below the threshold then the GEM automatically deactivates any consumers that were switched on. However, if they were switched on by the driver before the automatic activation, they will then be switched on again in turn with a 5-second time interval.
Ignition overload protection
The ignition overload protection intermittently disconnects certain circuits in order to restrict the current being drawn from the battery while the starter motor is operating.
The position of the ignition switch is transmitted by the instrument cluster on the MS CAN bus.
The ignition overload protection relay which is integrated in the battery junction box is activated by the GEM when the message "ignition switch position III" is received from the instrument cluster.
- EXTERIOR LIGHTING
- Windscreen/rear window wash/wipe systems
- Backup lamps
- Heated washer nozzles
- Control unit for gas discharge headlamps
- Seat heating
- Electric window regulators
The activated ignition overload protection then switches off the following electrical consumers:
Electric window regulators
The ignition key must be in position "II" before the electric window regulators can be operated. The electric window regulator open or close the door windows when the switch is moved to the corresponding position.
The movement of the window glass stops when the window regulator button is released or when the ignition key is moved from position "II" to position "I", "III" or "0".
The driver door window can only be operated via the driver door switch; the other windows can be opened and closed via the driver door switch panel or the relevant door switch.
If the window on the front passenger's door is operated via the switch on the switch panel in the driver's door, then the driver's door module receives the cable-transmitted signal from the switch and forwards it on the CAN bus to the door module of the front passenger's door, which then moves the window glass to the corresponding position.
The rear doors are each connected via a LIN bus to the door modules of the front doors.
The disabling switch in the switch panel on the driver's door can be used to disable the window regulator switches in the rear doors.
Generic electronics module (GEM)
Generic electronics module (GEM)
The generic electronic module is installed on the passenger's side underneath the dash panel.
It replaces separate components such as the central locking module, the timer relay and the fuse box in the passenger compartment.
It consists of a power distribution section (including fuses and relays) and an electronic control module, which controls the operation of most of the electronic convenience systems.
New vehicles are supplied with different versions of the GEM (depending on the equipment specification of the vehicle). Only one version is available for service repair work. When installing a replacement GEM it needs to be configured for the specific vehicle.
- Battery saving function
- Current distribution
- Exterior lighting (except the adaptive front lighting function on vehicles with dynamic cornering lights)
- Interior lighting
- Wiper system
- Washer fluid level indicator
- Window heating (heated windshield, heated rear window, heated exterior mirrors)
- Speed control system (reads the speed control switches and transmits signals on the CAN bus)
- Locking / Unlocking
- Anti-theft
- Air conditioning controls (partial)
- Handbrake (it monitors the switch and transmits the signal on the CAN bus)
- Monitoring of the brake fluid level.
- Fuel pump (vehicles with 1.6L, 2.0L and 2.3L engine)
- Fuel level indicator
- Battery charging (smart charge, partially)
- Electric booster heater
- Detection of the accelerator pedal position (APP) sensor
- Detection of the clutch pedal switch
- Detection of the clutch pedal position (CPP sensor)
- Brake pedal position (BPP) switch.
- Tire pressure monitoring system
- Communications via the high speed CAN bus (HS-CAN) and mid-speed CAN bus (MS-CAN)
- Main module in the LIN bus system
- PATS (interface for transceiver)
- Clock control
The following functions are controlled or executed by the GEM if the battery voltage is between 9 and 16 V.
The GEM can be diagnosed via the diagnostic tool. Furthermore, an integrated service mode enables testing of the input and output signals without the need for further tools.
For additional information, refer to: Generic Electronic Module (GEM) (419-10 Multifunction Electronic Modules, Diagnosis and Testing).
For additional information, refer to: Generic Electronic Module (GEM) (419-10 Multifunction Electronic Modules, Diagnosis and Testing).
Emergency function
The GEM is equipped with restricted emergency running functions on vehicles with medium or high levels of equipment.
A monitoring function within the GEM is sent a control signal at regular intervals by the microcontroller. If for example the battery voltage drops below a voltage of approx. 7.5 Volt then the control signal is not sent and the GEM goes into emergency running mode after a specified time.
In this case the dipped beam headlamps and the side lights are switched on permanently depending on the position of the light switch.
In the event of a communication fault between the wiper switch and the GEM the wiper system performs continuous wiping at normal wipe speed regardless of the wiper switch position. The emergency running mode is switched off when the ignition switch is turned to "0".
Light switch
The light switch has been modified and now includes electronic controls. It is connected to the GEM via a control module subnetwork (LIN) bus.
If the ignition lock is in position "0" for more than 3 minutes then the front fog lamps, rear fog lamp and the main beam headlamps are deactivated if they were previously activated.
Inscription à :
Articles (Atom)